Holiday free essay sample

Two weeks ago I c ame back from a holiday vacation in Genting Highland and Singapore. Our family eagerly wait for summer vacations, not only because these give us a break from hectic, brain draining and tiring daily schedule but also because of the family trip. We had planned for this holiday trip almost a year back by getting our passports ready. First point of visit was Genting highland. Genting highland is very beautiful and peaceful town built on a mountain with lovely natural surroundings. At Genting our stay was at First World hotel comprising of 6118 rooms, it was unbelievable to see such a big hotel and hundreds of peoples checking in together. I visited the casino which was a different experience because I’ve never go into a casino before. Early in the morning we started our journey to Singapore by bus, it was 7. 30 hours journey. In Singapore, on arrival we went for the Night Safari. We will write a custom essay sample on Holiday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was great experience there, to see animals in their natural environment in the night. We also visited the Universal Studio. There were different shows based on various themes like water world and Science Fiction. Next day we had city tour of Singapore during which we go for ride on Singapore From the top we were able to see the entire Singapore and even some parts of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand etc. After lunch we went for Santosa Island tour, one of the most beautiful places with many features like Under Water world, and songs of the Sea. In the evening we left the hotel for Airport for onward journey back home with lots of memories and mixed feelings of homecoming and nostalgia. With this our fabulous trip of Singapore came to an end. Singapore is very beautiful and has very stringent rules amp; regulation. Its peoples are very dedicated and loyal to it. The time spent by us there was one of the best in life and memories brought by us from there will last for ever. My tour could not have been so memorable without the togetherness of my family members.

Madam C.J. Walker, Innovator and Beauty Mogul

Madam C.J. Walker, Innovator and Beauty Mogul Madam C.J. Walker (December 23, 1867–May 25, 1919) was the business and chosen name of Sarah Breedlove McWilliams Davis Walker, who, along with friend and business associate Marjorie Joyner, revolutionized the hair care and cosmetics industry for African-American women early in the 20th century. Madam Walker was a self-made millionaire who leveraged her beauty product company to give African-American women a source of income and pride. Fast Facts: Madam C.J. Walker Known For: Businesswoman and self-made millionaire in the cosmetics industry for African American womenBorn: December 23, 1867 in Delta, LouisianaParents: Minerva Anderson and Owen BreedloveDied: May 25, 1919 in Irvington, New York.Education: Three months of formal grade school educationSpouse(s): Moses McWilliams (1884–1888), John Davis (1894–1903), Charles J. Walker (1906–1912)Children: Lelia McWilliams (known later as ALelia Walker, born 1885) Early Life Madam C.J. Walker was born Sarah Breedlove on December 23, 1867, in a one-room cabin on the former plantation owned by Robert W. Burney in rural Louisiana near the town of Delta. The Burney plantation was also the site of the 1862–1863 Battle of Vicksburg. Sarah was the youngest of five children of Owen and Minerva Anderson Breedlove, and the only one of those children born after the Emancipation Proclamation and therefore born free. Her mother Minerva died in 1873, possibly of cholera, and her father remarried and then died himself in 1875. Sarah and her older sister Louvenia survived by working in the cotton fields of Delta and Vicksburg in Mississippi; her sister eventually married Jesse Powell, who Madam Walker later said abused her. Marriage and Family In 1884 at the age of 14, Sarah married laborer Moses McWilliams, in part to escape Jesse Powell, and she gave birth to her only child, daughter Leila, on June 6, 1885. After her husbands death (or disappearance) in 1884, she traveled to St. Louis to join her four brothers who had established themselves as barbers. Working as a laundrywoman, she managed to save enough money to educate her daughter and became involved in activities with the National Association of Colored Women. In 1894, she met and married fellow laundry worker John H. Davis. During the 1890s, Walker began to suffer from a scalp ailment that caused her to lose some of her hair, a condition likely caused by the harshness of the available products and her profession as a laundrywoman. Embarrassed by her appearance, she experimented with a variety of home-made remedies and products made by another black entrepreneur named Annie Malone. Her marriage to Davis ended in 1903, and in 1905, Walker became a sales agent for Malone and moved to Denver. Madam Walkers Wonderful Hair Grower In 1906, Sarah married newspaper advertising salesman Charles Joseph Walker. Sarah Breedlove changed her name to Madam C.J. Walker and founded her own business. She sold her own hair product called Madam Walkers Wonderful Hair Grower, a scalp conditioning and healing formula. To promote her products, she embarked on an exhausting sales drive throughout the South and Southeast, going door to door, giving demonstrations and working on sales and marketing strategies. In 1908, she opened a college in Pittsburgh to train her hair culturists. Eventually, her products formed the basis of a thriving national corporation that at one point employed over 3,000 people. Her expanded product line was called the Walker System, which offered a broad variety of cosmetics and pioneered new ways of marketing. She licensed Walker Agents and Walker Schools that offered meaningful employment and personal growth to thousands of African-American women. Although she did have some store-front beauty shops, most Walker Agents ran their shops from their homes or sold products door-to-door. Walker’s aggressive marketing strategy combined with her relentless ambition led to her becoming the first known female African-American woman self-made millionaire. Death and Legacy Having amassed a fortune over a period of 15 years, she became an important member of New Yorks Harlem society. She built a fabulous mansion on the Hudson River in Irvington, New York, completed in June 1918 and called Villa Lewaro (a reference to Leila Walker Robinson suggested by friend Enrico Caruso). The 34-room, 20,000 square foot Italianate-style residence was a gathering place for friends and colleagues in the Harlem Renaissance, including W.E.B. Du Bois and Langston Hughes.   Walker also became involved in charities, contributing scholarship funds to Tuskegee Institute, raised funds to help establish a YMCA for black youth, and delivered lectures on political, economic, and social issues for various black institutions. She was, however, growing ill. Diagnosed with nephritis in November 1917, Madam C.J. Walker took ill while on a business trip to St. Louis and was quickly taken home in a private railroad car. She died on May 25, 1919, in Irvington at the age of 52. Her prescription for success was a combination of perseverance, hard work, faith in herself and in God, honest business dealings, and quality products. There is no royal flower-strewn path to success, she once observed. And if there is, I have not found it. For if I have accomplished anything in life, it is because I have been willing to work hard. Improved Permanent Wave Machine Long after Madam Walkers death, her empire persisted, producing and selling beauty care products until the 1980s. Marjorie Joyner, an employee of her empire, invented an improved permanent wave machine. This device was patented in 1928 and was designed to curl or perm women’s hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. The wave machine turned out to be popular among white and black women and allowed for longer-lasting wavy hairstyles. Joyner went on to become a prominent figure in Madam CJ Walker’s industry, though she never profited directly from her invention. The invention was the assigned intellectual property of the Walker Company. Sources Bundles, ALelia. On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker. New York: Scribner, 2001.Higbee, Mark David. W. E. B. Du Bois, F. B. Ransom, the Madam Walker Company, and Black Business Leadership in the 1930s. Indiana Magazine of History 89.2 (1993): 101–24.Lowry, Beverly. Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C.J. Walker. New York: Random House, 2003Stille, Darlene R. Madam C.J. Walker: Entrepreneur and Millionaire. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2007.

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the Essay

To what extent is the Marxist view an accurate interpretation of the origins of the French Revolution in 1789 - Essay Example This time, though, the rising urban class of shopkeepers and artisans, known as the bourgeoisie, continued the struggle, focusing it against the noble landowning class that had traditionally been the support of the monarchy. With the bourgeoisie success, the noble class was pulled down, the king along with it as its figurehead, and replaced by the First Republic. This, however, is not the view of modern historians such as E.J. Hobsbawn and George Rude, who feel the populace and small traders had at least an equal part in the disruption. Studies have indicated that the percentage of urban capitalist shopkeepers and artisans made up perhaps half of the revolutionary forces. â€Å"Cobb †¦ found that the rank and file of the Parisian armies revolutionnaires was 35 percent artisan and 25 percent shopkeeper and smaller merchants† (Lewis 1998). Hobsbawm (1969) claims perhaps as many as one European out of every five was a Frenchman and the majority of these Frenchmen were rural farmers or small shop workers. In many ways, the search for the reasons and participants can be found in the theories brought forward by Karl Marx, such as in the popular protest movements of the day which provide a more accurate view of both how the monarchy lost its favor and who was most in control of the political and social changes that were happening in those years. The central concepts of Marxist economics, essential to understanding the causes of the French Revolution, include the theory of labour value, the disposition of production and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions and the consequences of economic alienation. Marx’s theories of labour value combined with his concepts of

The Red Tent, by Anita Diamant Personal Statement

The Red Tent, by Anita Diamant - Personal Statement Example After finding shelter in Egypt, she delivers her son and realizes that her family has lost all accounts of her The Red Tent is a great novel anyone who tries to gain a better understanding of a female’s perspective from an older generation standpoint. It outlines the difficulty of young women, who undergoes drastic life experiences as she witnesses her husband getting murdered. One of the most essential themes that are explicitly emphasized upon is the fact of that she is engrossed in all her memories. Dinah is almost forced to narrate her story from the fear that she will not ever remember these memories. Undoubtedly, these memories are critical towards her life experience. From my perspective, the author is trying to insist on the fact that our life experiences are critical as they are associated with memories. Without having these experiences, humans cannot fully develop their personalities. Another theme that is emphasized in this novel is the ability to heal. Clearly, humans are sensitive creatures that possess and experience strong emotions. Dinah witnesses her husband getting m urdered. In addition, she was also raped. Both of these incidents are traumatic as they can impact any individual dramatically. However, she is able to recuperate through time and patience. Her son is the hallmark of her striving to exist even when her life is shattered with these events. Anita Diamant, in this novel undoubtedly shows the futile superiority of men and portrays the strength that a woman must possess even after she experiences life changing events. She is clear to capture the essence of feminism in her novel through Dinah and shows the qualities that women possess that make them beautiful, sensitive

SWAT analysis about petroulium in the Kingdom of Bahrain Essay - 1

SWAT analysis about petroulium in the Kingdom of Bahrain - Essay Example The Bahrain kingdom has one largest company known as BAPCO (Bahrain Petroleum Company), which is owned by the Bahrain government. BAPCO is an integrated industry, which was instituted, in 1929 by Standard Oil industry. The company involves in oil refining, prospecting, exploration, drilling, production and distribution of gasoline products. It also exports crude oil and refined products as well as sales oil products in the global market. Therefore, the essay focuses on SWOT analysis as an effective tool for analyzing Bahrain petroleum industry, in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The SWOT analysis involves the internal and external factors that may be favorable or unfavorable in an industry. Many companies employ SWOT analysis in order to analyze the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats for the business venture in order to achieve their stated objectives effectively. Bahrain is one of the economies that have been impacted by the economic crisis and the World War II deteriorated the economy. The kingdom also has little petroleum wealth than other economies in the Persian Gulf neighbors. Therefore, employing SWOT analysis will enable Bahrain Petroleum to improve their business activities; thus increasing their competitive advantage in the global market. Strength is the features of the business venture that provides advantages to the business over others. Therefore, assessing the strength of the company will enable it to achieve the set objectives efficiently (Gupta et al. 123). Bahrain Petroleum industry has enabled the Bahrain economy to diversify because of petroleum products, which is the main resource for Bahrain. The company has considerably improved it is performance rate in the recent because of successful diversification initiatives and abundant oil reserve resources. The higher economic diversification is also among the strengths that can enable the BAPCO Company to achieve effective business performance. The company

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents Consumer behaviour is a process where individuals or groups go through to select, purchase, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009). The major question for any company: How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The following diagram shows that the marketing and stimuli enter the consumers Black Box (consumers mind) and produce certain responses. Fig 1: Stimulus response model of buyer behaviour Consumer behaviours are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics as shown below: Fig 2: Factors influencing consumer behaviour (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) Culture: Culture is the most basic value of a persons wants and behaviour. In Unilever case at Brazil, the clothes are washed more frequently in NE than SE approx. 5 times a week against 3.9 times. Most of the women at NE are housewives and they took this activity of washing clothes as pleasurable activities. There is one more reason that the women at NE mostly do their washing in a public laundry, river or pond because it gives them an opportunity to become social, meet their friends where at SE mostly women do their washing at home alone. The people at NE also attach the cleanliness as a symbolic value to their status. Due to the cultural differences and washing methods, the laundry soap consumption at NE per buyer is 20.4 kg against only 6.8 kg of SE. On the contrast, there was very less difference between the consumption of detergent powders between NE and SE, only 1.5 kg per buyer. (refer to exhibit 3) Social Class: Social classes are societys relatively permanent and ordered divisions whose member share similar values, interests and behaviours. In Brazil there are 5 social classes based on the income as: A, B, C, D and E (E+ E-). As per exhibit 2, only 21% population of SE is E class compared to 53% of NE. So the most of the population at NE are low income consumers. Generally the lower social class people are more culture-bound which shows their behaviour of buying detergents. Family: Family members can strongly influence buyer behaviour. The buyers spouse and children has a direct influence on everyday buying behaviour. In case of Brazil, majority of NE women see the cleanliness of clothes as an indication of the dedication of the mother to her family in spite of washing through laundry soap requires an intensive labour. This fact influences the consumer to buy the different detergents mostly laundry soaps at Brazil. Most of the families with washing machine prefer to buy detergent powder (there only 28% household own the washing machine at NE) instead of laundry soap. Economic Situation: A persons economic situation will affect product choice which is clearly visible at Brazil. The low income consumers of NE would like to buy Omo, the best brand of the market but their tight budget leads them to buy cheaper local brands from the nearby small shops. Perception and Beliefs: In Brazil, the consumers (primarily low income) evaluate the detergent against the six key attributes as shown in exhibit 6 along with price. Since Campeiro scored very low on all the attributes and resulted with only 6% of market share. The consumers of NE are very particular about the various attributes of detergents like power of the detergent (its ability to clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity of product) judged by the quantity of foam it produced. The low income consumers are also very much attached with boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate products. The major factors which influence the consumer behaviour are discussed above. Most large companies also research consumer buying decisions which are closely related with the factors of consumer behaviour. A typical buyer decision process can be shown as below: Fig:3 Buyer Decision Process Model (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) In the given case, the purchase of detergent is a regular purchase for any family. Since the most of the families owned a washing machine at SE, so they are much focussed to buy the detergent powder. At NE only 28% households own the washing machine. The important fact here is that both the consumers of NE and SE are well aware about the brand and recognises Omo as the best detergent powder in the market. But at NE, approx 53% consumers cant afford to buy the Omo due to their low-income. The Northeasterns are also not fond of shopping at big retails like Wal-Mart, instead of they prefer to buy the detergent from the near buy shops. As per the details provided in the case, it seems that the Unilever brand is not available in 75000 small store of NE where the products of their competitors are available. In this situation, the consumers have limited option to buy. Answer 1 (ii) The market in terms of the main brands/players and their strategies At present in the NE detergent market, there are only two major players- Unilever and Procter Gamble. There are a few local players are also available in the market but mostly they are in the laundry soap market. Unilever is a US$56 billion company, headquartered in London (UK) with 300,000 employees in more than 150 countries. Unilever started its operation in 1929 and now become a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. Unilever launched the first detergent powder as Omo in the Brazilian market. As mentioned in the case, Unilever is a market leader in the detergent powder category, having 81% of market share with three brands: Omo (one of the Brazils favourite brand) Minerva (Only brand sold as both detergent powder and laundry soap) Campeiro (Unilevers cheapest brand) Omo is a premium product with 52% of market share at a price of $3/kg. The main USP of Omo is the high ability to remove stains. Minerva is relatively cheaper brand as compare to Omo with 17% share in the detergent powder at a price of $2.4/kg. Minerva is the only Unilever brand which is competing with local brands in laundry soap market and is the market leader. In the laundry soap market Minerva have 19% share at a price of $1.7/kg. On the other hand, Procter Gamble is a US$40 billion company, headquartered in Cincinnati (US) with 98,000 employees in 80 countries. PG entered in the Brazilian market in 1988 and acquired the detergent business of a Brazilian company named as Bombril and its three brands: Quonto (migrated as Ace) Odd Fases (migrated as Bold) Pop (low-price brand) PG is the second player with 15% share of the Brazilian detergent market. Ace is the main brand of PG and competitor to Unilever products (Omo and Minerva) with 11% share in the detergent powder market at a price of $2.4/kg. The other products of PG have only 6% share of the market at a price of $2.3/kg. PG did not manufacture laundry soap. At present the NE detergent powder market worth of US$106 million is growing with a remarkable annual rate of 17%. Since the manufacturing process is very capital intensive, so the entry barrier is very high in this market. On the contrary, the laundry soap market worth of US$102 millions is growing at a slower annual rate of 6%. Since the production of soap is very cheap, thus there are low barriers to entry. Currently PG are targeting towards the low-income consumers of the NE market. PG drawing on worldwide RD and marketing expertise is closing up and will attack to this segment. There were also threats of small local brands targeted at low-income consumers. Unilever is also looking to explore the growth opportunities in the detergent market to low-income consumers of NE. But Unilever is facing some internal resistance from Mr. Fernanda Machado (Category Manager for detergents). Answer 1(iii) Present situation of Unilever and its Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats With the data available in the case study, the Unilever SWOT analysis is as below: Table :1 SWOT Analysis Answer 2 Strategy for Unilever in Brazil Unilever would follow the Target Marketing Strategy (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) strategy for the low-income consumers in Brazil. The following diagram explains the various steps involved Target- marketing process: Source: Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell Marketing: Real People, Real Decisions 1st European Editions Fig: 4 Steps in the Targeting Marketing Strategy Segmentation: The detergent market at Brazil is already segmented into two parts: High Income consumers living at Southeast Low income consumers living at Northeast The Northeast market could be classified under Geodemography segment due to most of the consumers have low income and share similar characteristics. Targeting: Detergent Market segment is registering a 17% annual growth in Brazil and there is a big potential market in NE with 48 M of Low Income consumers. The Purchasing power of the low income consumers has increased by 27%. Positioning: Here Unilever had to develop a strategy for the target segment with a product that meets the consumers requirement and expectations. Based on the current situation as mentioned in the case, I feel that the Unilever has the following options to penetrate the low income consumers at Brazil: Option 1- Unilever could reposition the Minerva further down market in relation to Omo Brand Option 2- Unilever could re-launch of the Campeiro as a low-cost brand Option 3- Unilever could develop a cheaper version of the Omo brand Option 4- Unilever can create a new Brand or launch a new brand from its portfolio in Brazil. Option 1 will be less costly option to implement by Unilever since Minerva brand is already present in the mind of Brazilian consumers. But I feel that it was not well positioned in the market. Minerva is a product target to the middle income consumers and there was no details mentioned in the case about them. Thus repositioning Minerva to further down for low income consumers will reduce its market share from 17% (refer Exhibit 7) to even lower therefore it will create a new opportunity for other competitors in the market. Option 2 will become costly and ineffective for Unilever because already Campeiro is recognized as a low cost and low quality product (with ref. to exhibit 8). Hence changing the image of Campeiro in consumers (low income) mind will take a very long time to achieve. Option 3 could not be implemented by Unilever because Omo is a high quality and high price product (ref. to exhibit 5, 7, 8 9). It would also create confusion between the two version of Omo (High quality and the cheaper version) in the detergent powder market. There is also a possibility that the consumers of Southeast also start consuming the cheaper version on Omo and it will lead towards the reduced sale of High quality Omo. So Unilever should not attempt to develop a cheaper version of Omo. Option 4 based on the SWOT analysis (refer table 1, Page no. 7); Unilever could plan to develop a new product for the low income consumers. Since Unilever is having a very vast range of detergent brands. So instead of investing to develop a new product, Unilever might also choose a product from its Latin America portfolio, a brand which satisfies the needs of low income consumers with in Brazil. Unilever can use either of PULL or PUSH strategy in order to penetrate the Low income consumer market of Northeast Brazil. The Push strategy: There was no doubt that the best detergent available on the Brazilian market is Omo. With ref to the exhibit 7, Unilever dont have any competitor for their Omo brand being the costliest product in the detergent powder market. As per option4, Unilever should introduce the extension of Minerva Brand instead of developing a new brand. The extension of Minerva brand as Minerva Blue 10/10; with more cleaning power while retaining the fragrance and less emphasis on softness; packaged in the cardboard boxes. Now the following Marketing Mix should be implemented to penetrate the Northeast market: Minerva Blues target groups are the low income consumers who buy local brands and detergents from the small stores located in Northeast. The Marketing Mix for PUSH strategy is as below: Product: The Minerva Blue would be packaged in two sizes 1 Kg and 500 g. The Minerva Blue would be designed attractively so that the even illiterate consumers can recognize it very easily. The packaging should be designed in such a way that it would be easy to open and also protect the powder from humidity. Price: The price of Minerva Blue should be cheaper than Campeiro. Unilever have to identify a cheaper packaging formula so that it can reduce the whole sale price of Minerva Blue below than Campeiro. Unilever could use the following approach to price the Minerva Blue: Formulation cost: $ 1.00 Packaging cost: $ 0.30 Promotional cost: $ 0.30 Distribution cost: $ 0.05 Total cost: $ 1.65 Place: As per the details mentioned in the given case, Northeasterns are not in favor to shop from big outlets, they prefer to shop from small stores. The big issue is that Unilever detergents are absent from 75,000 stores in Northeast where the products of other competitors like PG and as well as local brands are available. Distribution of the products in Northeast is the major weakness of Unilever. In order to cover all the 75,000 small stores of Northeast, Unilever should have to introduce its own units of vans, visiting every single store trying to list all Unilever detergent brands. Unilever could also distribute its Minerva Blue brand in SE, as per exhibit 2, approx 21% of the population of Southeast is in class E. Promotion: Since the consumers of Northeast are buying from the nearby small stores. Thus Unilever should focus to have promotions and visibility of their products in those stores. The promotion should be in such a way that when a consumer entered into a small store must realize that the Unilever had created a brand Minerva Blue only for him, his own version of Omo. Unilever could follow the conventional methods of advertising ATL (Above the Line) campaign to deliver the right message to the low income consumers through media such as television, radio, print and banners to promote its brand. As per the given details, the Brazilians are avid television watchers irrespective of their income. Unilever could also promote their product in popular parties of Northeast like Carnival, Forro Festivals and Maracatu. The low income consumers might be reluctant to buy a product advertised as FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE, because it gives a message of inferior quality product. So Unilever should never use in an ATL communication the term of FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE . Pull strategy: With ref. to the case, there are total 7 products in the detergent powder market where 75% of market share captured by Unilever through its 3 products all combined: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro (ref. to exhibit 7). Thus introduction of a new product from its portfolio will create cannibalization for Unilever. The same concern is also raised by Mr. Fernanda. So instead of introducing a new brand in the market, Unilever should focus to expand its detergent powder market share by adding new consumers. This can be achieved only by pushing the low income consumers to buy Unilever products. In other words, upgrade the laundry soap consumers to detergent powder consumers. The marketing MIX for PULL strategy is as below: Product: Unilever had to promote their all 3 brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro in the small stores of Northeast. Promotion: The promotion strategy would remain same as PUSH strategy. On top of that in store promotions are very important. Unilever could offer a very attractive offer to the low income consumer which insist the NE population to buy the Unilever products like Buy 1 Campeiro and get one free or can earn some points which could lead them to get a free Omo etc. The above strategy will attract new consumers for detergent powders. Simultaneously Unilever could also signup business contracts to promote the Unilever products with the Washing machine dealers. So whenever any consumer buys a new washing machine the dealer would suggest them to use only the Unilever Brand detergent powders. Place: The distribution strategy could be the same as mentioned in the PULL Strategy. In addition to that, Unilever should ensure that in any small store their all 3 brands must be available at any moment with different SKU which gives an opportunity to the capable consumers to upgrade themselves for high price detergents. Unilever should also ensure that if the small store owners/managers can offer an exclusive section of Unilever products where only Unilever products are available. So in such case consumer dont have any options to buy any other detergent. Price: Currently Campeiro is the only brand focused to low income consumers which is available for $ 1.70 to retailers compare to its actual cost $ 1.45. Thus at wholesale price Unilever is able to have the margin of approximately 17%. Hence Unilever could reduce its margin by redefining the formula of Campeiro which could add some more attribute as per the need of NE consumers like clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity with good quantity of foam, add some perfume etc. Conclusion: Being the low income consumers doesnt affect their brand conscious. These consumers are always looking for good and reliable quality product at a fair price. These consumers might not be able to afford the best brand of the market, but they do see the high price of such products as an indication of value. More than three-quarters of the global population is low income, and many of them have been historically beyond the reach of organized retailers. In the given case study of Brazilian Fabric Wash Market, the population of Northeast is well aware about the Unilever Brand: Omo but due to high price they cant afford it. To serve low-income consumers successfully, Unilever must first account for their lower purchasing power. To penetrate the Low income market, Unilever might use the concept of 4 As as below: Promote offering through mix of outlets Reduce Cost to serve Shorten Supply Chain Select and support retailers Localize sourcing Reduce packaging size for low price per unit Focus development on customers Employ innovative thinking to meet Fig: 4As Diagram Sources: Jame Andereson, Net Blog Serving the worlds Poor, Innovation at the base of Economic Pyramid Based on the above discussion of PUSH and PULL strategies, PULL strategy would give the result in a longer term but the PUSH strategy would give the result immediately. So I would recommend PUSH strategy as the Best Strategy for Unilever in Brazil. In the short term, Money need to be invested and therefore diverted from premium brands to low price brand. It gives Unilever a momentum and advantage in a fast growing market. With the right strategy, low income consumers will be ready to pay for a new brand and Omo buyers will not move which will make Unilever a leader in low-income consumer marketing.

The Importance Of Literacy :: Literacy Essays

Rita Mae Brown describes literacy as, "a social contract, an agreed upon representation of certain symbols" (420). If the symbol's (letters) meanings are not agreed upon by those attempting to communicate, then interpreting one another becomes difficult. Simply stated, literacy is very important. Society has proven time and time again, it will reward those individuals who are competent and impede those who are not, whether expressed in terms of employment opportunities (job success) or just on a social level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One need look no further than their everyday activities in order to realize how important literary skills are. Without adequate literary skills one may not be able to identify on a label the correct amount of medicine to give a child, or read and interpret a sign giving instructions on what to do in case of a fire. These two examples bring perspective to literacy's importance. Nevertheless, recent surveys have indicated that, "4.5 million Canadians, representing 24 percent of the eighteen-and-over group, can be considered illiterate" ("Adult Illiteracy" 5). Illiteracy is truly a problem within Canada. Although many groups are working to render the problem of illiteracy, much work still lies ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As our society moves on into the next century literacy is proving vital to economic performance. Without basic literary skills in one's possession they will become lost in our rapidly changing society. The modern worker must be able to adapt to the changing job-scene. This often means gathering new skills and knowledge from printed material, whether instruction manuals, computer programs, or classroom training (text books). It is quite commonly the case that highly skilled jobs require a high level of literacy. Therefore, literary skill level is an important factor in predicting an individual's economic success. It will affect an individual's income, their employment stability and whether they even receive employment opportunities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presently, our world revolves around literacy. Simply being literate allows one to continuously upgrade one's literary skills to a higher level. It allows one to stay informed of happenings in and around the world through mediums such as newspapers and magazines. Knowing current news about what is going on in this ever changing world of ours is the key to staying ahead. Another thought to ponder is this, we rely on those with high literacy levels to record and document findings and happenings for future generations to reflect on. These writings would most likely be dull and inaccurate or would not exist at all without our current levels of literacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When viewed from a social standpoint, literacy remains just as important as when viewed from the economic standpoint. Linda Macleod of the National Associations Active in Criminal Justice, points out that, "65 percent of people